TERREMOTILE ONDE DEI TERREMOTI LE ONDE DEI TERREMOTI TOP Le onde generate da terremoti consistono principalmente di tre tipi diversi di onde: le onde P ed S che si trasmettono attraverso la Terra e le onde superficiali che si propagano lungo la sua superficie. Queste onde, sempre presenti su un sismogramma particolarmente se registrate con sistemi ad alta sensibilità, giungono in tempi diversi, ma sempre nell'ordine indicato, alla stazione registratrice in quanto sono dotate di velocità di propagazione diverse. In secondo luogo gli arrivi delle diverse onde sono contraddistinti da mutamenti sia di ampiezza sia di frequenza sulle tracce sismografiche. Quali aspetti dei terremoti provocano lo Tsunami? TOPThe nature of earthquake rupture is defined by many different parameters that can vary spatially and with time. Here we show how the following parameters affect local tsunamis: Amount of Average SlipDuring an earthquake, one side of the fault moves vertically and/or horizontally with respect to the other side. The distance the two sides move averaged over the rupture area is what we will call average slip. The relationship between fault slip and the permanent offset of the seafloor after earthquake rupture is linear. That is, if average slip for one earthquake (EQ 1) is twice that for another earthquake (EQ 2), the seafloor offset and the initial tsunami (Panel 1 above) will be different also by a factor of two. Owing to propagation effects, however, there is a greater than linear relationship between the amplitude of the tsunami near shore and the amount of average slip. Therefore, the difference in the near-shore amplitude of the tsunamis generated by EQ 1 and EQ 2, for example, will be slightly greater than a factor of two. The amount of slip throughout the rupture area of an earthquake has the largest influence on the size of the local tsunami. Is the amount of slip related to the magnitude of the earthquake? Generally, the amount of slip associated with an earthquake increases with the magnitude. However, because other parameters of the earthquake such as the rupture area and physical properties of the rocks surrounding the rupture determine the magnitude of an earthquake, we cannot calculate the amount of slip associated with an earthquake without knowing these other parameters. For example, shown below is the average slip associated with many subduction zone earthquakes around the world. Although slip generally increases with magnitude, there is significant scatter in the data: In the above figure, a distinction is made between tsunami earthquakes and non-tsunami earthquakes. The term tsunami earthquakes is used to designate those earthquakes that generate larger than expected tsunamis relative to the magnitude of the earthquake . As evident above, the average slip during rupture of a tsunami earthquake appears to be larger than a non-tsunami earthquake of the same magnitude. Depth of RuptureThe size of the local tsunami also depends on how deep the earthquake ruptured within the earth. Shallow rupture will result in larger offset of the seafloor and hence, a larger initial tsunami, than a deep rupture earthquake. An example is shown below. The left part of the figure shows the portion of a fault that ruptures in green. The local tsunami that is generated from this rupture is shown below as a synthetic marigram (wave amplitude as a function of time). Fault C, shown in the second set of figures, ruptures much shallower in the earth and generates a substantially larger tsunami.
Orientation of Slip VectorThe figures above show a type of faulting known as thrust faulting, in which the overlying block moves upward and over the underlying block. Considered in 3 dimensions, however, the fault blocks could also move in-and-out of the page (screen) as shown by the perspective figure below: Oblique faulting such as this can occur in a subduction zone when the downgoing plate is moving at an oblique angle (theta) relative to the overriding plate. The obliquity of the slip vector (D) in the fault plane of dip (delta) is measured by the angle (lambda) that the slip vector makes with a horizontal line in the fault plane. Why would such details of rupture be important in terms of generating local tsunamis? When oblique faulting as described occurs, the vertical offset of the seafloor is considerably different than for the case of simple thrust faulting. CRONOLOGIA DI ALCUNI TERREMOTI TOP 1908 - MESSINA: fra 70.000 e 100.000 morti nel terremoto che colpisce la Sicilia orientale e la Calabria.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Home | Metodologia | Bibliografia | Testi| Multimedia | Links | Comunicazione | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
© 2006 www.alimenaonline.it - Tutti i diritti sono riservati. |